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160 Stephen Dunford: The Journey of The IrIsh
as the official court language. From about this time onwards those representatives of the King of England in Ireland were regarded as “English” and were called “Nua-Ghaill”- ‘New English, New Foreigners,’ to distinguish them from the descendants of the earlier Norman invaders who were called “Sean-Ghaill”-‘Older English or Foreigners.’ The Nua-Ghaill dis- approved of the adoption of Irish ways by the Sean-Ghaill and as a result they frequently officially accused them of having become Ipsis Hibernicis Hiberniores, or in Irish, Níos Gaelaí ná na Gael iad féin-‘More Irish than the Irish themselves.’
Fearing that the Gaelicization of his subjects in Ireland would eventually result in the loss of his Irish possessions, the then King of England, Edward 111, dispatched his third son Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence, 4th Earl of Ulster, 5th Baron of Connacht, as Viceroy. Lionel, who incidentally was married to Elizabeth, the widow of the last de Burgh Earl of Ulster, summoned a Parliament of the “good English” at Kilkenny in 1367 and there passed the famous acts or laws of apartheid known as the Statutes of Kilkenny.
Irish warrior c. fifteenth century
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